By Daniel Pritchett, Conservation Chair of the local Bristlecone Chapter of the California Native Plant Society
- Skip to:
- Riparian forest and shrub communities
- Alkali meadow and shrub communities
- Upland xerophytic shrub communities
- Groundwater-dependent vegetation
- References
Vegetation of the Owens Valley has been studied, classified, and described in many ways.
Paiutes living in the Valley when the first Europeans arrived were well-acquainted with the native flora and had developed extensive irrigation systems in several areas to propagate food plants (Sauder 1994).
Surveyor A.W. von Schmidt, one of the first Europeans to record observations, did not share the Paiutes’ appreciation of the native flora. In 1855 he wrote that “on a general average the country forming the Owens Valley is worthless to the White Man.”
On the other hand, only four years later (1859), Captain J.W. Davidson of the U.S. Army evaluated the valley quite differently: “Every step now taken shows you that nature has been lavish of her stores. The Mountains are filled with timber, the valleys with water, and the meadows of luxuriant grass. Some of the meadows contain, at a moderate estimate, ten thousand acres every foot of which can be irrigated” (Sauder 1994).
Recent visitors from better-watered parts of the world have been known to dismiss the vegetation in the Owens Valley as “a bunch of weeds” while some long-time local residents still describe the Owens Valley’s extensive shrub lands simply as “sagebrush.”
Ecologists describe vegetation in terms of both physiographic features of the environment in which it occurs and particular associations of species. Some of the characteristic types of Owens valley vegetation are listed below:
1. Riparian forest and shrub communities:
These occur along the Owens river and streams flowing from the Sierra Nevada. Important tree species include Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), Salix gooddingii (Goodding’s black willow), Salix laevigata (red willow) and, along a few streams, Quercus kelloggii (black oak). Common shrubs include Salix exigua (Coyote willow) and Rosa woodsii (wood rose).
Leymus triticoides (beardless wildrye) is a common grass, and rushes and sedges are abundant as well. Tamarix ramosissima (tamarisk, or salt cedar), a non-native shrubby tree, has invaded many riparian areas in the Owens Valley and is the object of ongoing eradication efforts. Riparian forest communities statewide are classified as “very threatened” by the California Natural Diversity Database (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995).
2. Alkali meadow and shrub communities:
These occur in high water table areas on the valley floor. Two native grasses are characteristic of alkali meadows: Sporobolus airoides (sacaton) and Distichlis spicata (saltgrass). The meadows are home to several endangered species such as Calochortus excavatus (Inyo County star tulip) and Sidalcea covillei (Coville’s checkerbloom).
Alkali meadows themselves are classified as “very threatened” by the California Natural Diversity Database (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995). Alkali shrub communities are typically dominated by such plants as Atriplex lentiformis ssp. torreyi (Nevada saltbush), Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush), Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood), and Suaeda moquinii (inkweed). When subject to such anthropogenic stresses as groundwater pumping and cattle grazing alkali meadows are vulnerable to invasion by shrubs and conversion to alkali shrub communities.
3. Upland xerophytic shrub communities:
These occur on the broad bajadas and alluvial fans which descend from canyon mouths of the Sierra Nevada and the White and Inyo Mountains. Common species include Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale), Ephedra nevadensis (Nevada ephedra), and Eriogonum fasciculatum (California buckwheat).
At the northern end of the valley there are large stands of Coleogyne ramosissima (blackbrush) as well as such Great Basin species as Artemisia tridentata (sagebrush) and Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush). In the southern half of the valley Mojave Desert species such as Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) and Ambrosia dumosa (burro bush) occur.
4. What is groundwater-dependent vegetation?
In arid environments water is often a limiting factor for plant growth. There are two basic strategies plant species have evolved for dealing with water stress: 1) drought tolerance and 2) drought evasion.
Drought tolerant plants have developed strategies to maximize their efficiency in use of water. This allows them to thrive in areas where moisture is not adequate for most species to survive at all. Alluvial fans and slopes of desert mountains are characteristic landforms for drought tolerant species. Some local examples are shadscale and creosote bush.
Drought evasive plants, on the other hand, have developed strategies to maximize growth in areas where a reliable supply of water is available. They out-compete drought tolerant species where water is abundant but don’t occur at all where it is not and so evade drought entirely. They typically occur along rivers and streams and in areas where groundwater is close to the surface.
Groundwater dependent vegetation (GDV) is the phrase used in the LTWA and its technical appendix (aka the Green Book) to describe vegetation composed of drought evasive species. Management of GDV is one of the primary concerns of the LTWA because GDV is vulnerable to water table drawdowns caused by groundwater pumping.
In the Owens Valley, GDV originally covered large areas of the valley floor, as well as narrow strips along streams coming down from the Sierra and isolated patches surrounding springs. Much of the original acreage of meadow was cleared for agriculture and for construction of the towns.
For more information about vegetation of the Owens Valley floor, contact the Inyo County Water Department at www.inyowaterdept.org. An overview of vegetation in the White and Inyo Mountains is available in Hall (1991). Plant lists for certain parts of the Owens Valley such as the Alabama Hills and the Bishop Creek watershed are available from the Bristlecone Chapter of the California Native Plant Society (www.bristleconecnps.org).
–Daniel Pritchett
References
References for Daniel Pritchett’s article (above):
Hall, C.A., Jr. (Ed.) 1991. Natural History of the White-Inyo Range Eastern California. California Natural History Guides: 55. University of California Press. Berkeley.
Sauder, R.A. 1994 The lost frontier: water diversion in the growth and destruction of Owens Valley agriculture. University of Arizona Press. Tucson.
Sawyer, J. O. and T. Keeler_Wolf. 1995. A manual of California vegetation. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, Calif.
References for Sally Manning’s article (to right):
Brussard, P. F., D. A. Charlet, D. S. Dobkin, and others. 1998. Great Basin-Mojave Desert Region, at http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/sandt/Great-bn.pdf [May 14, 2009] In: Mac, M. J., P. A. Opler, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P. D. Doran. 1998. Status and trends of the nation’s biological resources. 2 vols. U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA.
California Department of Fish and Game. March 2009. Special animals. California Natural Diversity Database. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/SPAnimals.pdf [May 15, 2009]
California Department of Fish and Game. April 2009. State and federally listed endangered, threatened, and rare plants of California. California Natural Diversity Database. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/TEPlants.pdf [May 15, 2009]
California Native Plant Society. Inventory of rare and endangered plants, 7th edition, online http://cnps.web.aplus.net/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi [May 15, 2009]
Davis, F. W., D. M. Stoms, A. D. Hollander, K. A. Thomas, P. A. Stine, D. Odion, M. I. Borchert, J. H. Thorne, M. V. Gray, R. E. Walker, K. Warner, and J. Graae. 1998. The California Gap Analysis Project–Final Report. University of California, Santa Barbara, CA. http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/projects/gap/gap_rep.html [May 16, 2009]
Deacon, J. E., A. E. Williams, C. D. Williams, and J. E. Williams. 2007. Fueling population growth in Las Vegas: How large-scale groundwater withdrawal could burn regional biodiversity. Bioscience. 57:688-698. doi:10/1641/B570809.
Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Holland, R. F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial natural communities of California. California Department of Fish and Game unpublished report.
Manning, S. J. 1997. Plant Communities of LADWP land in the Owens Valley: An exploratory analysis of baseline conditions. Inyo County Water Department report. Inyo County Water Department, Bishop, California, USA. 160 pp.
Sawyer, J. O. and T. Keeler-Wolf. 1995. A manual of California native vegetation. California Native Plant Society. 471 p.
West, N. E. and J. A. Young. 2000. Intermountain valleys and lower montane slopes. Pp. 256-284. In M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings (eds.) North American terrestrial vegetation. 2nd ed. Cambridge.
Wilke, Philip J. and Harry W. Lawton (eds.) 1976. The expedition of Capt. J. W. Davidson from Fort Tejon to the Owens Valley in 1859. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology and History No. 8. Robert F. Heizer (series ed.) Ballena Press: Socorro, NM.